Korean Grammar for Beginners

Learning Korean? If you’re studying the Korean language then you’ll need to have your Korean grammar down!

Today we’ll teach you the basics of Korean grammar so you can start forming sentences that mean exactly what you want to say.

Ready to become a grammar master? Let’s learn the basics of Korean grammar!

Here is a free PDF guide that you can download and take with you:

Below, we’ll explain Korean grammar using Hangeul (Korean Alphabet) and in romanized English. You can learn the Korean Alphabet in under an hour here.

Is Korean grammar difficult?

It wouldn’t be accurate to say that Korean grammar is difficult or easy. Like many Asian languages, the grammar is quite different from English. But like the grammar of any language, Korean grammar follows rules and sentence structure that makes sense. You just need to get used to the primary quirk of its grammar. You may know that English basic grammar follows the structure:

SUBJECT (S) + VERB (V) + OBJECT (O)

For example, I (subject) study (verb) Korean (object). Most languages have a SVO grammar structure like this. The action leads the object so you know what is happening before you know what it’s happening to.

How are Korean sentences structured?

Basic Korean grammar, on the other hand, uses the order:

SUBJECT (S) + OBJECT (O) + VERB (V).

For native speakers of languages that use the SVO grammar structure, such as English, this may sound confusing and incorrect.

Korean, Japanese, and to some extent German, all use SOV in their grammar. You’ll understand why this kind of grammar makes sense when forming a Korean sentence later in the lesson. For now, here are some examples of the sentence structure of Korean to help you get acquainted with the grammar:

• 나는 오렌지를 먹었어요 (naneun orenjireul meogeosseoyo) = I + orange + ate = I ate an orange
• 오빠가 축구를 해요 (oppaga chukgureul haeyo) = Big brother + football + to do = My big brother plays football
• 나는 친구를 만나요 (naneun chingureul mannayo) = I + friend + to meet = I meet my friend

To understand why the Korean language uses grammar like this, you need to understand a bit about Korean verbs and how they work.

Basic Korean Verbs

In Korean grammar, the verb needs to be conjugated based on the context. This means that Korean verbs follow certain grammar rules that control how they’re spelled.

You’ll conjugate the word depending on its tense, level of politeness and whether the connecting vocabulary ends in a vowel or consonant. However, the form does not change depending on the subject! So you don’t have to worry about the Korean particle changing (a topic for another article).

Let’s dive a bit further on this grammar point with some examples of conjugation. Note that we’ll mention Korean honorific verbs. Go here if you’re not familiar with them yet.

Korean Conjugation

One of the basic Korean grammar rules you need to learn is conjugation. In Korean grammar, there are 2 things you can conjugate. These are verbs and adjectives.

The conjugations of Korean verbs and adjectives help set the tense, tone, and mood in sentences. In this lesson, we’ll talk about conjugations of verbs 하다 (hada), 이다 (ida),  and 있다 (itda). We’ll also have the opposite of 있다 (itda) which is 없다 (eopda).

Conjugation – 하다 (hada)

The verb 하다 (hada) generally means “to do” in English. It is usually attached to words to make them either action verbs or descriptive verbs. For example:

공부 (gongbu | study) + 하다 (hada | to do)= 공부하다  (gongbuhada | to study)

요리 (yori | cook)+ 하다 (hada | to do) = 요리하다 (yorihada | to cook)

Below are the conjugation examples of the verb 하다 (hada):

• 하다 (hada) = standard form
• 해요 (haeyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel or consonant, present
• 했어요 (haesseoyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel or consonant, past*
• 했었어요 (haesseosseoyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel or consonant, past perfect*

Conjugation – 이다 (ida)

The verb 이다 (ida) is the Korean equivalent of “to be” in English. It is usually used to identify people and objects. When using it to form sentences, it can be used with the following sentence structure:

Subject and particle + Noun입니다

Here are conjugation examples for the verb 이다 (ida) – to be.

• 입니다 (imnida) = honorific verb, present tense
• 입니까 (imnikka) = honorific question verb, present
• 이에요 (ieyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a consonant, present
• 예요 (yeyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel, present
• 이었어요 (ieosseoyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a consonant, past*
• 였어요 (yeosseoyo) = polite/formal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel, past*
• 야 (ya) = casual/informal ending verb for nouns ending in a vowel, present
• 이야 (iya) = casual/informal ending verb for nouns ending in a consonant, present

*Note: if you wish to use the past tense for 이다 (ida) on a casual level, use this form and simply drop the 요 (yo) from its tail

You may be thinking, “that’s quite a bit of vocabulary to remember!”

It gets easier with practice, and this grammar rule allows sentences to be more specific. Read these example sentences for 이다 (ida) to see:

• • • 저는 조아나입니다. (jeoneun joanaimnida) = I am Joana
    • 몇 살입니까? (myeot sarimnikka) = How old are you?
    • 저는 베트남 사람이에요. (jeoneun beteunam saramieyo)
      = I am a Vietnamese
    • 저는 가수예요. (jeoneun gasuyeyo) = I am a singer.
    • 그는 군인이었어요. (geuneun guninieosseoyo) = He was a soldier.
    • 그는 좋은 친구였어요. (geuneun joeun chinguyeosseoyo)
      = He was a good friend.
    • 나는 남자야. (naneun namjaya) = I am a man
    • 나는 학생이야. (naneun haksaengiya) = I am a student

    In the case of 이다 (ida), you only connect it to a noun, essentially emphasizing the statement.

    Conjugation – 있다 (itda)
    

    The verb 있다 (itda) means “to have” in English when used to express possession. It can also mean “to be” when expressing the existence of something and the existence of an object in a particular location. In other words, the verb 있다 (itda) is used to express existence, location, or possession.

  • Let’s take a closer look at the verb, 있다 (itda) – to have. Here are its basic conjugations in Korean grammar:
    • 있습니다 (itseumnida) = honorific verb, present
    • 있습니까? (itseumnikka) = honorific verb, present
    • 있었습니다 (isseotseumnida) = honorific verb, past
    • 있어요 (isseoyo) = polite/formal verb, present*
    • 있었어요 (isseosseoyo) = polite/formal verb, past*

    *Note: to create the casual/informal form, simply use these without the 요 (yo) at the end

    You’ll notice that 있다 (itda) conjugates much like 이다 (itda), with only slight changes in the letters because of the word itself.

    있다 operates more like an adjective than a verb, changing how it works with particles. Hopefully, these examples will help illustrate that:

    • • 질문이 있습니다. (jilmuni itseumnida) = I have a question
      • 질문이 있습니까?. (jilmuni itseumnikka) = Do you have a question?
      • 저는 여자친구가 있었습니다. (jeoneun yeojachinguga isseotseumnida) = I had a girlfriend
      • 나는 남동생이 있어요. (naneun namdongsaengi isseoyo)
        = I have a little brother
      • 나는 가방이 있어요. (naneun gabangi isseoyo) = I have a bag
      • 나는 남자친구가 있었어요. (naneun namjachinguga isseosseoyo) = I had a boyfriend
      • 나는 약속이 있었어요. (naneun yaksogi isseosseoyo)
        = I had an appointment

    Conjugation – 없다 (eopda)

    Next, 없다 (eopda) is the opposite of 있다(itda), meaning “to not have”. It is conjugated the same as 있다 (itda). Here are some grammar examples:

    • 저는 언니가 없어요. (jeoneun eonniga eopseoyo) = I don’t have a big sister
    • 나는 차가 없어. (naneun chaga eopseo) = I don’t have a car
    • 나는 시간이 없었어요. (naneun sigani eopseosseoyo) = I didn’t have time
    • 나는 현금이 없어요. (naneun hyeongeumi eopseoyo) = I don’t have cash
    

    Korean grammar takes some getting used to, but with enough study and practice, you’ll be a grammar master in no time!

    Korean Verb Tenses

    We’ve already mentioned tenses in the previous sections, here’s a quick rundown of some of them in Korean.

    • Verb + ㅂ니다/습니다 (ㅂ nida/seumnida) = honorific verb, present
    • Verb + 아요/어요 (ayo/eoyo) = polite/formal verb, present
    • Verb + 야/이야 (ya/iya) = casual/informal verb, present
    • Verb + 았어요/었어요 (asseoyo/eosseoyo) = polite/formal verb, past
    • Verb + 았어/었어 (asseo/eosseo) = casual/informal verb, past
    • Verb + 겠어요 (gesseoyo) = polite/formal verb, future
    • Verb + ㄹ/을 거예요 (ㄹ/eul geoyeyo) = polite/formal verb, future
    • Verb + 겠어 (gesseo) = casual/informal verb, future
    • Verb + ㄹ/을 거야 (ㄹ /eul geoya) = casual/informal verb, future

    One plus about Korean verbs is that they generally stick to their conjugation rules, which makes it easier to know the correct grammar structure to follow in a given situation. This helps with deciding what to include in your grammar and vocabulary studies.

    Korean Negative Verb Form

    Turning sentences into negatives was already mentioned when we introduced you to 없다 (eopda). Let’s briefly go over some other negative verb forms in Korean grammar.

    By adding 안 (an) in front of the verb, excluding 있다 (itda), you are creating a negative. For example:

    • • 오늘 수업 안 해요 (oneul sueop an haeyo) = I don’t have class today
      • 나는 미국에 안 가요 (naneun miguge an gayo)
        = I am not going to the US

    By adding ~지 않다 (~ji anta) to the verb stem, you are also creating a negative. Like this:

    • 오늘 수업하지 않아요(oneul sueopaji anayo) = I don’t have class today
    • 나는 미국에 가지 않아요 (naneun miguge gaji anayo)
      = I am not going to the US

    *Note: This is not typically the most natural way to express it, although it is grammatically correct.

    These two grammar forms are identical in their meaning. With practice, you’ll learn which situations 안 (an) and ~지 않다 (~ ji anta)sound most natural for.

    One note before you finish is their use with the verb 하다. With 안, you will add the negative right in front of 하다, breaking it into an object + verb, like this:

    • 요리하다 (yorihada) → 요리를 안 했어요 (yorireul an haesseoyo) = to cook → did not cook

    With ~지 않다 (~ ji anta) you will keep the it intact and instead add the negative at the end, like this:

    • 요리하다 (yorihada) → 요리하지 않았어요 (yorihaji anasseoyo) = to cook → did not cook

    Again, both grammar forms are correct so practice to get a feel for what sounds most natural for you!

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    Congratulations! You have now learned the basics of Korean grammar. It's not that hard to learn Korean after all. This is an essential first step in learning Korean and we've got lots more great Korean lessons to help you learn Korean. You might be interested in these topics as well:

    1. Get a plan for learning Korean here
    2. If you're thinking of living, traveling, or moving to Korea, go here
    3. Head over here if you are interested in K-Pop, K-Dramas, or Korean movies
    4. Check out this page for lots of useful Korean phrases
    5. Get some of the most common Korean words here
    6. Go here to learn about Korean culture

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